Understanding business 12th edition pdf free download

Understanding business 12th edition pdf free download

Understanding Business 12th Edition Nickels Solutions Manual,Stories inside

22/12/ · Download BFN Understanding Business,12th edition PDF by William Nickels, James McHugh, Susan McHugh - You will find Understanding Business,12th # in Business & Finance #4, in Business & Money (Books) Customer Reviews: ratings. About the Author of Understanding Business 12Th Edition PDF Free Download We have the latest edition of Understanding Business 12Th Edition Pdf Download for you. Our book is dedicated to helping you grow your knowledge about Understanding Business Business 12th Edition Pdf Free Download helps students understand how businesses operate, how people work together in teams, and globalization in the 21st century. By breaking down Jean-Yves Lacoste, Experience and the Absolute: Disputed Questions on the Humanity of Man, tr. Mark Raftery-Skehan, Fordham University Press, 1st ed., (ISBN ... read more

Many components go in to creating the GDP. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 31 of this manual. There are four types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal as seen in Text Figure 2. The U. tries to protect those who are unemployed because of recessions, industry shifts, and other cyclical factors. DEFLATION is a situation in which prices are declining, occurring when countries produce so many goods that people cannot afford to buy them all. The CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CPI consists of monthly statistics that measure the pace of inflation or deflation. lecture enhancer Other Economic Indicators In addition to the GDP, CPI, and unemployment indicators, there are other economic indicators that can forecast changes in the economy.

See the complete lecture enhancer on page 32 of this manual. Technologies may add to the quality of the services but not to the OUTPUT PER WORKER which is the definition of productivity. New measures of productivity for the service economy are needed to measure QUALITY as well as QUANTITY of output. BUSINESS CYCLES are the periodic rises and falls that occur in economies over time. Joseph Schumpeter identified FOUR PHASES OF BUSINESS CYCLES: a. lecture enhancer Restaurants Serve Up Jobs Across the Country The U. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 34 of this manual. lecture enhancer What Is a Depression? There is a well-established definition for a recession.

A depression is, well, not so easy to define. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 35 of this manual. FIGURE 2. KEYNESIAN ECONOMIC THEORY is the theory that a government policy of increasing spending and cutting taxes could stimulate the economy in a recession. The NATIONAL DEFICIT is the amount of money that the federal government spends over and above the amount it gathers in taxes. The FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM THE FED is a semiprivate organization that decides how much money to put into circulation. MONETARY POLICY is the management of the monetary supply and interest rates; it is controlled by the Fed. The economic goal is to keep the economy growing. lecture enhancer A NEW CROP OF CONSUMERS IN AFRICA While a great deal of focus has been given to burgeoning economic superpowers like India and China, Africa has a growing middle class that rivals both those countries.

Vast wealth disparities persist as well. In fact, some analysts credit this new breed of consumer for buffering Africa against much of the global financial crisis. Also with jobs on the rise, rural Africans are flocking to cities. ambassador to South Africa even claims that Africa is now nearly as urbanized as China. Again, all this newfound growth must be viewed alongside current stories of tragedies against citizens in Uganda and Nigeria as well as the violent repressions in Libya. Still, one can only hope that much of the violence and chaos that has defined Africa for decades is now in the past, leaving the future open for more political freedom and economic growth.

Retail sales have climbed steadily over the last four years despite the fact that gains in reported income have stalled. According to some, one need not look further than the underground economy. Then again, the sum total of unreported U. All untaxed cash transactions are considered part of the underground economy, including everything from drug deals to yard sales. Experts fear that disparity will only grow larger as more and more people become dependent on under-the-table transactions to supplement their earnings. Kevin Kalmes, for instance, was out of work for two years when she received a foreclosure notice on her home.

She began to sell items from her basement to raise cash and eventually made enough money to save the house. Rather than shutter her ad-hoc second-hand shop, though, Kalmes kept her rummage sale going full-time without permits. Over the long-term experts hope that the current stimulus driven by untaxed cash and enjoyed by retailers will lead to job creation. Ideally, that would mean fewer people would have to toil in the shadow economy in order to make their living. If this turns out to be the case, then the U. government may stand to lose an increasing share of vital tax revenue. lecture enhancer THE CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL PPT 2-XX presents this simplified Circular Flow Model. Economists often use models to explain economic principles.

A model is like a map of a concept. A road map shows you the major highways and waterways, not every tree. Thus, a model does not contain all the detail and complexity of the concept, just the simplified major elements. One such economic model is the Circular Flow Model, a simplified presentation of the basic transactions in a free-market economy. The two major elements are consumers presented in the model as households and the businesses that create goods and services. Each of the factors of production mentioned in the text has a price.

To use land, a business must make rent or mortgage payments simplified as rent. Labor must be paid salary or wages. The buildings, equipment, production lines, and so on capital are financed by paying interest. Finally, the entrepreneur expects to earn a profit from using his or her entrepreneurship. However, this resource payment is not guaranteed. If costs exceed income, the business may suffer a loss. Businesses demand resources in order to produce products and services. In a capitalist economy, the households own the factors of production and must be compensated. This income flows back into the households. The prices of resources are set by the interaction of supply and demand.

The goods and services that households demand are created by business. The consumers in these households use the income from their factors of production to purchase goods and services. Thus, business activity flows in a circle, which is illustrated by the Circular Flow Model. The market for resources top arrows is known as the resource market. The bottom flow is referred to as the product market. This is a simplified model of pure capitalism, and it ignores a major player—government. lecture enhancer HOW ACCURATE IS THE GDP? No spending bill can hope to pass into law without a battery of statistics and figures charting how such legislation will benefit the country. But just how accurately do those numbers reflect the world we live in?

Take GDP, for instance. The famous figure has only been reliably collected in the U. Yet despite such a short history, economists and legislators treat GDPs of any stripe with devotion. For instance, global financial markets recently went into uproar when China reported its GDP at 7. That missing 0. But if the accuracy of the U. Only gathered for less than 20 years, the Chinese GDP fails to account for many key factors, such as the political pressure of its five-year plans or the enormous private loan industry. Other figures present similar problems. In reality, though, the components of that same iPhone have been produced all over the world, not just China. A more accurate figure would take all those other manufacturers into account and ascribe value accordingly. Decades ago, it was safe to assume that a product was fully assembled in one place. That is simply not the case today as complex supply chains send items crisscrossing around the world.

So while statistics like these no doubt provide relevant information, the conclusions they reach are perhaps not so concrete as to justify basing entire economies around their slight shifts in value. Below are some of the more important ones. Tracks how many new single-family homes or buildings were constructed during the month and can detect trends in the economy looking forward. The Beige Book summarizes this information by district and sector and is a gauge on the strength of the economy. An example is the unemployment rate. Unemployment tends to increase for two or three quarters after the economy starts to improve. Coincident indicators move at the same time as the economy does. Leading economic indicators are indicators that change before the economy changes. Stock market returns are a leading indicator, as the stock market usually begins to fall before the economy declines and they improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession.

Housing starts and the consumer confidence index are other leading economic indicators. economy has managed to add thousands of jobs so far this year thanks to big gains in industries like construction and health care. Instead, nearly every American metropolis has seen a boom in restaurant positions in recent years. In Cleveland, restaurants are responsible for more than a third of all new jobs added since That figure is the same in New Orleans and goes back all the way to In fact, this trend has been gaining steam for years in culinary-centric cities like San Francisco, Nashville and the Texas capitol of Austin, which leads the nation in percent-growth of restaurant jobs. Smaller metro areas like Little Rock and the military hub of Virginia Beach have enjoyed this expansion of eateries as well. By , restaurants will employ more people than factories.

Today, people spend 50 percent of their budgets on dining out. This has provided an unprecedented boost for the restaurant industry, which has seen four of its five best years for growth occur since Last decade, with the stock market falling, banks failing, and unemployment soaring, many people wondered if the U. economy was suffering not from a recession, but from a much worse condition, a depression. Economists say that a depression is, well, nobody really has a formal description for a depression. A depression is when things are really, really bad. While recessions are easy to define, there are no firm rules for what makes a depression. Recessions have two handy definitions—two straight quarters of economic contraction, or when the National Bureau of Economic Research makes the call. Declaring a depression is much trickier. The Great Depression still maintains top ranking.

The Great Recession came nowhere near those figures. Before the s, any serious economic downturn was called a depression or a panic. critical thinking exercise KNOW YOUR HISTORY OF ECONOMICS Go online and look up the following economists: Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, David Ricardo, and T. Choose one of these economists and answer the following questions that describe their contributions to the field of economics. What major contributions did this chosen economist contribute to the field of economics regarding: a. Amount Supplied Amount Demanded , , , , , , , , , , , , As the price of gas rises, consumers start driving less and going out less frequently for entertainment. With more people staying at home, DVR usages increased. At each of the above price points, it estimates that consumers will purchase demand 50, more DVRs. The price—amount supplied relationship remains the same. Epic Electronics revised its estimate of the amount of product demanded for as described above.

In a new technology became available enabling DVRs to fully partner with smartphones. Users can access any and all of their recorded programming from their wireless devices. Supply remained unchanged. Demand shifted right, showing the increased quantity demanded at every price. What is the new equilibrium price? At that price the quantity supplied remains stable at , However, the quantity demanded at that price is increased by 50, to , How many DVRs will be produced at the new equilibrium price? With a more advanced DVR available from competitors, demand for Knight DVRs will decrease at the same price. The demand curve shifts to the left, and the equilibrium price falls.

Which economic system provides the highest standard of living? One way of answering these questions is by comparing economic data you might find in the library or on the Internet. Hint: Try the CIA World Factbook page. Choose one capitalist country, one socialist country, and one communist country. Use the following chart to record your findings. But China is far from the only Asian nation to undergo drastic changes thanks to the rise of smartphones. From India to Indonesia, mobile technology has altered the ways that both consumers and businesspeople go about their lives. Still, perhaps no other place on the continent has been as fundamentally changed by smartphones as the country of Myanmar. Up until six years ago, the citizens of this Texas-sized nation suffered under the brutal rule of a military dictatorship. The government imposed strict economic isolation and kept tight control over markets. As the country emerged from this decades-long ordeal, smartphones were beginning to catch on with millions of consumers across Asia.

In Myanmar, though, only a wealthy elite could afford mobile devices. As a result, Myanmar had fewer mobile phones than any other country besides North Korea. Although the door was now open for outside investors, officials required that any potential providers had to create networks that could cover the entire country, not just cities. By three telecommunications companies had invested billions to construct cellular towers all across Myanmar. This amazing transformation has had a major effect on a country where only 5 percent of citizens have a bank account. New apps like the domestically produced Wave Money allow people to manage their finances online rather than depend largely on cash.

Only time will tell how other Myanmar-made apps and technological services will alter the nation. Do you think the rise of mobile phones in Myanmar will cause more citizens to get bank accounts? notes on discussion questions for bonus case 1. Under strict government control, the only way a person could obtain a mobile device or SIM card would be on the black market. This was far too costly for the average citizen. By , three telecommunications companies invested billions in Myanmar. Answers will vary. If a person is unable to work, the system seems to have no answer to his or her problems. Furthermore, there does not seem to be any moral or spiritual foundation to the system.

Where do businesses get their values? What about concepts such as sharing, helping neighbors, and protecting the environment? It is important to make a distinction between plain capitalism and democratic capitalism. Democratic capitalism is a system based on three components: 1 free enterprise—that is, freedom to own your own businesses and farms and freedom to keep the profits; 2 a freely elected government that has internal checks and balances; and 3 moral, ethical, and spiritual values that are part of the very fabric of the country and the business system. Plain capitalism is a system where there is free enterprise, but no freely elected government and no foundation of moral, ethical, and spiritual values. One of the most important elements of democratic capitalism is its moral and spiritual base. When the United States was being settled, there was so much religious debate and rivalry among religions that people were tortured and killed for their beliefs.

When it came time to establish a free and separate United States, however, the founding fathers were adamant about freedom of religion. They were very religious people themselves. He felt it was as important as being president of the United States. A preface to marketing management ,14th A preface to marketing management ,14th edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Paul Peter, James Donnelly. school: National Open University of Nigeria course code: MKT Human resource management ,16th edition Human resource management ,16th edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Gary Dessler.

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school: Modibbo Adama University of Technology course code: AC Foundations Of Marketing ,8th Edition Foundations Of Marketing ,8th Edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: William Pride, OC Ferrell. Managing investment portfolios, 3rd Managing investment portfolios, 3rd edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: John Maginn, Donald Tuttle, Dennis McLeavey, Jerald Pinto. Financial and Management Accounting Financial and Management Accounting ,8th edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Pauline Weetman.

school: National Open University of Nigeria course code: ACC Introduction to Management Accounting Introduction to Management Accounting ,16th Edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Charles Horngren, Gary Sundem, Jeff Schatzberg, Dave Burgstahler. Management ,12th edition Management ,12th edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Richard Daft. Human Safety and Risk Management ,3rd Human Safety and Risk Management ,3rd edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Ian Glendon, Sharon Clarke. school: National Open University of Nigeria course code: CSS related Past Questions. Forensic Accounting and Fraud management II Department: Administration, Social and Management science Year Of exam: school: Air Force Institute of Technology course code: ACC Topics : Fraud examination, Fraud theory, Forensic accounting Go to Forensic Accounting and Fraud management II past question.

Introduction to financial Accounting and Reporting 2 Department: Administration, Social and Management science Year Of exam: school: Air Force Institute of Technology course code: ACC Topics : Financial accounting, financial reporting, income statement, manufacturing account, debtors control accounts, financial position statement, balance sheet, first in first out method of pricing, bank reconciliation statement Go to Introduction to financial Accounting and Reporting 2 past question. Human resources management Department: Administration, Social and Management science Year Of exam: school: Nnamdi Azikiwe University course code: BUS Topics : Human resources management, performance appraisal process, performance appraisal methods, performance appraisal, staff functions, line organization, Leader, leadership, empowerment, vision, Manager, training Go to Human resources management past question. Intermediate Financial Accounting and Reporting II Department: Administration, Social and Management science Year Of exam: school: Air Force Institute of Technology course code: ACC Topics : Assets, Liabilities, Accounting standards, Debentures, Fund flow statement Go to Intermediate Financial Accounting and Reporting II past question.

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Essentials of Strategic Management The Quest for Competitive Advantage test bank by John E Gamble,Margaret Peteraf,Arthur Thompson Department: Administration, Social and Management science Year Of exam: school: Modibbo Adama University of Technology course code: MM, MM Topics : Strategy, Business Models, Competitive Advantage, Charting a Company's Direction, Company External Environment, Company Resources, Company Capabilities, Company Competitiveness, Five Generic Competitive Strategies, Competitive Strategy, company Competitive position, Corporate Strategy, Diversification, Multibusiness Company, ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Sustainability, Strategy, Superior Strategy Execution Go to Essentials of Strategic Management The Quest for Competitive Advantage test bank by John E Gamble,Margaret Peteraf,Arthur Thompson past question.

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It is organized for ease of use, so you can follow along in the classroom and use relevant materials as they are needed. CONTENTS Icebreaker Activity Brief Chapter Outline, Learning Objectives, and Classroom Activities Lecture Enhancers. Revisions: Statistical data and examples throughout the chapter were updated to reflect current information. In addition: . Learning Objectives: Contrast fiscal policy and monetary policy, and explain how each affects the economy. Online 5 minutes to post assignment. Student Work Time: Allow 1 week to complete the activity.

Hybrid Online Online chat room — 1 to 2 days to post Evaluation Suggestions: The least controversial method is to give everyone who completes the activity a certain amount of points for example 10 points or this activity could replace a quiz grade. This is optional and the activity will be successful without this discussion. You can in-bed a song into the slide a list of the Top Ten Requested Money Songs is attached to enhance the example. The least controversial method is to give everyone who completes the activity a certain amount of points for example 10 points or this activity could replace a quiz grade. Use your imagination and have fun with this activity. You will have one week to create and post the video to the course website refer to the deadline. Thomas Piketty is an internationally renowned scholar on income inequality. Unlike many scholars, he wants to reach beyond the academic elite and wrote Capital in the Twenty-First Century to illustrate the last years of economic activity to the whole world.

This philanthropic initiative was started by two of the wealthiest men in the world. What is the name of this organization? An economic system either promotes or hinders business activity. Connect Application Exercises Entrepreneurship in the Dynamic Business Environment—iContact Video Case see p. ECONOMICS is the study of how society chooses to employ resources to produce goods and services and distribute them for consumption among various competing groups and individuals. products and services that expand available resources example: mariculture, raising fish in ocean pens. Others believe that a large population can be a valuable resource, especially if people are educated. critical thinking exercise Know Your History of Economics This online exercise is designed to help students gather information about economics from a historic perspective. See the complete exercise on page 37 of this manual.

bonus case Smartphones Sweep the Nation of Myanmar For decades, the government in Myanmar imposed strict economic isolation and control over its markets. See the complete case, discussion questions, and suggested answers beginning on page 42 of this manual. Rather than dividing fixed resources, Smith envisioned creating more resources so that everyone could be wealthier. The INVISIBLE HAND is a phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns selfdirected gain into social and economic benefits for all. Basically, this meant that a person working hard to make money for his or her own PERSONAL INTEREST would like an invisible hand also BENEFIT OTHERS. If everyone worked hard in his or her own self-interest, Smith said, society as a whole would prosper.

lecture enhancer A New Crop of Consumers in Africa Africa has a growing middle class that rivals both China and India. Despite the persisting wealth disparities, more Africans have disposable incomes in which they can buy goods from others. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 28 of this manual. Many U. Key Terms: capitalism state capitalism supply demand market price perfect competition monopolistic competition oligopoly monopoly. Following the ideas of Adam Smith, businesspeople created more wealth than ever before. In capitalist countries, businesspeople decide how to use their resources and how much to charge. Capitalism is also the foundation for the economics of England, Canada, Australia, and most developed nations. bonus case Foundations of the Capitalist System What are the moral, ethical, and spiritual foundations of capitalism?

See the complete case, discussion questions, and suggested answers beginning on page 44 of this manual. lecture enhancer Tracking the Underground Economy Not all incomes are reported to the IRS. Is the U. government losing out? See the complete lecture enhancer on page 29 of this manual. One benefit of such rights is that people are willing to take more RISKS than they would otherwise. In a free-market system, decisions about what to produce and in what quantities are made by THE MARKET. CONSUMERS send signals to PRODUCERS about what to make, how many, and so on through the mechanism of PRICE. Text example: T-shirts supporting favorite baseball teams. In a free market the PRICE tells producers how much to produce, reducing the chances of a longterm shortage of goods. The Circular Flow Model The Circular Flow Model is used to explain how businesses and individuals interact in a free-market economy.

See the complete lecture enhancer on page 30 of this manual. Prices in a free market are not determined by sellers; rather, buyers and sellers negotiating in the marketplace determine them. THE ECONOMIC CONCEPT OF SUPPLY 1. SUPPLY refers to the quantity of products that manufacturers or owners are willing to sell at different prices at a specific time. DEMAND refers to the quantity of products that people are willing to buy at different prices at a specific time. critical thinking exercise Finding the Equilibrium Point How does the equilibrium price of a product change when forces in the economy change? See the complete exercise on page 38 of this manual. In countries without a free-market system, there is no such mechanism, so there are often SHORTAGES OR SURPLUSES. If SURPLUSES too many products develop, a signal is sent to sellers to LOWER the price.

If SHORTAGES not enough products develop, a signal is sent to sellers to INCREASE the price. There are no true examples of perfect competition, but agricultural products are often used as an example. A MONOPOLY is a degree of competition in which only one seller controls the total supply of a product or service, and sets the price. New laws have ended the monopoly status of utilities in some areas, creating intense competition among utility companies. critical thinking exercise Standard of Living Comparison This exercise asks students to research key economic indicators for a capitalist country, a socialist country, and a communist country. See the complete exercise on page 41 of this manual. The supply curve rises from left to right. Think it through. The higher the price of Tshirts goes the vertical axis , the more sellers will be willing to supply. This is a simple demand curve showing the quantity of T-shirts demanded at different prices. The demand curve falls from left to right.

It is easy to understand why. The lower the price of T-shirts, the higher the quantity demanded. The place where quantity demanded and quantity supplied meet is called the equilibrium point. When we put both the supply and demand curves on the same graph, we find that they intersect at a price where the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal. In the long run, the market price will tend toward the equilibrium point. SOCIALISM is an economic system based on the premise that some, if not most, basic businesses should be owned by the government so that profits can be distributed. Entrepreneurs can own small businesses, but their profits are STEEPLY TAXED to pay for social programs. Income is taken from the wealthier people and redistributed to the poorer members of the population. Workers in socialist countries are given free education, free health care, free child care, and more employee benefits.

Because wealthy professionals have very high tax rates, many of them leave socialist countries for countries with lower taxes. which the government makes almost all economic decisions and owns almost all the major factors of production. FREE-MARKET ECONOMIES are economic systems in which the market largely determines what goods and services get produced, who gets them, and how the economy grows. COMMAND ECONOMIES are economic systems in which the government largely decides what goods and services will be produced, who will get them, and how the economy will grow. Communist governments are disappearing and some socialist governments are cutting back social programs. MIXED ECONOMIES are economic systems in which some allocation of resources is made by the market and some by government.

Describe the economic system of the United States, including the significance of key economic indicators especially GDP , productivity, and the business cycle. Key Terms: gross domestic product gross output unemployment rate inflation disinflation deflation stagflation consumer price index business cycles recession depression. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GDP is the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Both domestic and foreign-owned companies can produce goods and services included in GDP. lecture enhancer How Accurate is GDP? Many components go in to creating the GDP. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 31 of this manual. There are four types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal as seen in Text Figure 2. The U. tries to protect those who are unemployed because of recessions, industry shifts, and other cyclical factors.

DEFLATION is a situation in which prices are declining, occurring when countries produce so many goods that people cannot afford to buy them all. The CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CPI consists of monthly statistics that measure the pace of inflation or deflation. lecture enhancer Other Economic Indicators In addition to the GDP, CPI, and unemployment indicators, there are other economic indicators that can forecast changes in the economy. See the complete lecture enhancer on page 32 of this manual.

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Business 12th Edition Pdf Free Download helps students understand how businesses operate, how people work together in teams, and globalization in the 21st century. By breaking down We have the latest edition of Understanding Business 12Th Edition Pdf Download for you. Our book is dedicated to helping you grow your knowledge about Understanding Business Understanding business 12th edition pdf free download Author: Lepedu Xijiku Subject: Understanding business 12th edition pdf free download. blogger.com no longer Jean-Yves Lacoste, Experience and the Absolute: Disputed Questions on the Humanity of Man, tr. Mark Raftery-Skehan, Fordham University Press, 1st ed., (ISBN Understanding business 12th edition chapter 1 pdf Author: Xajupujina Pejasikene Subject: Understanding business 12th edition chapter 1 pdf. Accounting principles 12th edition Download Free eBook:[PDF] Understanding Business,11th Edition - Free epub, mobi, pdf ebooks download, ebook torrents download ... read more

By three telecommunications companies had invested billions to construct cellular towers all across Myanmar. If costs exceed income, the business may suffer a loss. Use the following chart to record your findings. Human Safety and Risk Management ,3rd Human Safety and Risk Management ,3rd edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Ian Glendon, Sharon Clarke. Students could also be asked to describe different ways that a person could obtain money to start businesses outside of the micro-lending realm.

Describe the economic system of the United States, including the significance of key economic indicators especially GDPproductivity, and the business cycle. Human resource management ,16th edition Human resource management ,16th edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: Gary Dessler. lecture enhancer A New Crop of Consumers in Africa Africa has a growing middle class that rivals both China and India. This would lead to a conversation about capitalism versus socialism and communism. Managing investment portfolios, understanding business 12th edition pdf free download, 3rd Managing investment portfolios, 3rd edition Department: Administration, Social and Management science Author: John Maginn, Donald Tuttle, Dennis McLeavey, Jerald Pinto. related Past Questions.